Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (continued) |
Extrahepatic cholestasis (biliary obstruction) |
Choledocholithiasis |
Intrinsic and extrinsic tumors (eg, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer) |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis |
AIDS cholangiopathy |
Acute and chronic pancreatitis |
Strictures after invasive procedures |
Certain parasitic infections (eg, Ascaris lumbricoides, liver flukes) |
Intrahepatic cholestasis |
Viral hepatitis |
Alcohol-associated hepatitis |
Non-alcohol-associated steatohepatitis |
Chronic hepatitis |
Primary biliary cholangitis |
Drugs and toxins (eg, alkylated steroids, chlorpromazine, herbal medications [eg, Jamaican bush tea], arsenic) |
Sepsis and hypoperfusion states |
Infiltrative diseases (eg, amyloidosis, lymphoma, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis) |
Total parenteral nutrition |
Postoperative cholestasis |
Following organ transplantation |
Hepatic crisis in sickle cell disease |
Pregnancy |
End-stage liver disease |