Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) |
HFpEF (contributing factors include hypertension, aging, coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, sleep-disordered breathing, chronic kidney disease, and obesity) |
Cardiomyopathies with preserved ejection fraction |
Restrictive cardiomyopathy |
- Familial causes include sarcomeric gene mutations, familial amyloidosis (transthyretin [TTR] or apolipoprotein mutation), unknown gene mutation, familial causes of iron overload (hereditary hemochromatosis, hereditary anemias), Fabry disease, glycogen storage disease, desminopathy, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum
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- Nonfamilial causes include amyloid (immunoglobulin light chain [AL] or wild-type transthyretin [ATTR]), systemic sclerosis, endomyocardial fibrosis (idiopathic, caused by hypereosinophilic syndrome, or reaction to a drug), carcinoid heart disease, metastatic cancer, radiation, nonfamilial iron overload (eg, acquired iron-loading anemia, high-dietary intake), and drug toxicity (anthracycline)
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
- Familial causes in addition to sarcomere gene mutations include unknown mutations, glycogen storage disease, lysosomal disease (including Fabry disease), syndromic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (eg, Noonan syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, Friedreich ataxia), and familial amyloidosis (TTR or apolipoprotein mutation)
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- Nonfamilial causes include nonfamilial amyloidosis (AL or wild-type ATTR)
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Noncompaction cardiomyopathy |
Valvular heart disease |
Valvular stenosis |
Valvular regurgitation |
Right heart failure |
Pulmonary hypertension |
Right ventricular infarction |
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy |
Pericardial disease |
Cardiac tamponade |
Constrictive pericarditis |
Effusive-constrictive pericardial disease |
Obstructive lesion in heart or great vessel |
Atrial myxoma |
Pulmonary vein stenosis |
High-output heart failure |
Transient left ventricular systolic dysfunction |