Drugs |
Glucocorticoids |
Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine) |
Antiseizure medications (particularly phenobarbital and phenytoin) |
Aromatase inhibitors |
GnRH agonists and antagonists |
Heparin |
Cancer chemotherapy |
Endocrine disorders |
Acromegaly |
Adrenal insufficiency |
Cushing's syndrome |
Eating disorders |
Endometriosis |
Hyperparathyroidism |
Hyperprolactinemia |
Hyperthyroidism |
Hypogonadism (primary or secondary) |
Diabetes mellitus |
Gastrointestinal disease/nutritional disorders |
Alcohol-related liver disease |
Celiac disease |
Chronic active hepatitis |
Chronic cholestatic disease |
Gastrectomy |
Inflammatory bowel disease |
Jejunoileal bypass |
Malabsorption syndromes |
Pancreatic insufficiency |
Parenteral nutrition |
Primary biliary cholangitis |
Severe liver disease |
Vitamin D and/or calcium deficiency |