Historical classification of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD)

Classic CMD

Merosin deficient CMD

Primary merosin deficiency

Secondary merosin deficiency

Merosin positive CMD

Classic CMD without distinguishing features

Rigid spine syndrome

CMD with distal hyperextensibility (Ullrich type)

CMD with intellectual disability or sensory abnormalities

CMD with central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities

Fukuyama CMD

Muscle-eye-brain disease

Walker-Warburg syndrome

Reproduced with permission from: Jones, K, North, K. The congenital muscular dystrophies. In: Neuromuscular Disorders of infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence: A Clinician's Approach, Jones, HR, De Vivo, DC, Darras, BT (Eds). Butterworth Heinemann, Philadelphia 2003. p.633. Copyright © 2003 Elsevier.

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Historical classification of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD)