Mechanism | Examples | Type of reaction generated |
Complete allergens | ||
Foreign macromolecules | Recombinant proteins (eg, cetuximab, rituximab) | Type I |
Insulin and other hormones | ||
Enzymes and protamine | ||
Antisera | ||
Vaccines | ||
Functionally-multivalent chemicals | Quaternary ammonium compounds (eg, neuromuscular-blocking agents, such as succinylcholine) | |
Carboxymethyl cellulose | ||
Direct haptenation | ||
Beta-lactam antibiotics | Type I Type II Type III Type IV | |
Penicillamine | ||
Heavy metals (gold, cisplatinum) | ||
Metabolism to haptenic form* | ||
Sulfonamides¶ | Type I Type II Type III Type IV | |
AcetaminophenΔ | ||
Phenacetin¶ | ||
Procainamide¶ | ||
Halothane◊ | ||
Direct stimulation of immune receptors (the p-i concept) | ||
Sulfamethoxazole | Type IV | |
Abacavir | ||
Lidocaine, mepivacaine | ||
Carbamazepine, lamotrigine | ||
Flucloxacillin§ | ||
Allopurinol/oxypurinol |
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