Lesion | Etiology | Risk factors |
Extrinsic lesions | Adhesions | Prior surgery, diverticulitis, Crohn disease, VP shunt, peritonitis (eg, tuberculous peritonitis) |
Hernia (congenital, acquired) | Abdominal wall hernia, inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, diaphragmatic hernia | |
Volvulus | Chronic constipation, congenital abnormal mesenteric attachments | |
Intra-abdominal abscess | Diverticulitis, appendicitis, Crohn disease | |
Peritoneal carcinomatosis | Ovarian cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer | |
Endometriosis | ||
Sclerosing mesenteritis | Prior surgery, abdominal trauma, autoimmune disorders, malignancy, neuroendocrine tumor | |
Desmoid tumor/other soft tissue sarcoma (rare) | ||
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome | Rapid weight loss | |
Intrinsic lesions | Congenital malformations, atresia, duplication | Refer to appropriate topic reviews |
Large bowel neoplasm | ||
Adenocarcinoma | Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes (HNPCC, FAP), inflammatory bowel disease, bowel irradiation, others (refer to appropriate topic reviews) | |
Desmoid | ||
Carcinoid | ||
Neuroendocrine tumor | ||
Lymphoma | ||
Small bowel neoplasm* | ||
Adenocarcinoma | Hereditary cancer syndromes (HNPCC, FAP, Peutz-Jeghers, MUTYH-associated polyposis, attenuated FAP) | |
Leiomyosarcoma | ||
Paraganglioma | ||
Schwannoma | ||
Metastatic disease | Melanoma, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer (refer to appropriate topic reviews) | |
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor | ||
Neuroendocrine tumor | ||
Lymphoma | Chronic inflammation | |
Benign lesions | Peutz-Jeghers polyps, xanthomatosis, leiomyoma | |
Anastomotic stricture | Prior intestinal surgery | |
Inflammatory stricture | Crohn disease, diverticular disease, NSAID enteropathy | |
Ischemic stricture | Peripheral artery disease, aortic surgery, colon resection | |
Radiation enteritis/stricture | Prior abdominal or pelvic irradiation | |
Intraluminal obstruction of normal bowel | Intussusception* | Small bowel tumor* |
Gallstones | Cholecystitis | |
Congenital webs | ||
Feces or meconium | Cystic fibrosis, severe constipation | |
Bezoar (phytobezoar, pharmacobezoar) | Intestinal motility disorders | |
Intramural hematoma | ||
Traumatic | Blunt abdominal trauma | |
Spontaneous | Antithrombotic therapy | |
Foreign body | ||
Ingested | Psychiatric disturbance | |
Medical device migration | PEG tube, jejunal tube | |
Parasites | Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis |
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