Condition | Commonly encountered pathogen(s) |
Alcohol use disorder | Streptococcus pneumoniae, oral anaerobes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
COPD and/or smoking | Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella species, S. pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae |
Aspiration | Gram-negative enteric pathogens, oral anaerobes |
Lung abscess | CA-MRSA, oral anaerobes, endemic fungal pneumonia, M. tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteria |
Exposure to bat or bird droppings | Histoplasma capsulatum |
Exposure to birds | Chlamydia psittaci (if poultry: avian influenza) |
Exposure to rabbits | Francisella tularensis |
Exposure to farm animals or parturient cats | Coxiella burnetti (Q fever) |
HIV infection (early) | S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. tuberculosis |
HIV infection (late) | The pathogens listed for early infection plus Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Aspergillus, atypical mycobacteria (especially Mycobacterium kansasii), P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae |
Hotel or cruise ship stay in previous two weeks | Legionella species |
Travel to or residence in southwestern United States | Coccidioides species, hantavirus |
Travel to or residence in Southeast and East Asia | Burkholderia pseudomallei, avian (H5N1, H7N9) influenza, SARS coronavirus |
Travel to or residence in the Arabian peninsula | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus |
Influenza active in community | Influenza, S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, H. influenzae |
Cough >2 weeks with whoop or posttussive vomiting | Bordetella pertussis |
Structural lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis) | P. aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, S. aureus |
Injection drug use | S. aureus, anaerobes, M. tuberculosis, S. pneumoniae |
Endobronchial obstruction | Anaerobes, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus |
In context of bioterrorism | Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), Francisella tularensis (tularemia) |
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