Elevated anion gap |
Lactic acidosis |
Hypoperfusion |
Cardiac failure |
Hypovolemia |
Septic shock |
Mitochondrial disorders |
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) |
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) |
Kearns-Sayre syndrome |
Acquired (antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients) |
Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism |
Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency |
Glycogen storage disease 1 (glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency) |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase or carboxylase deficiency |
Ketoacidosis |
Diabetic ketoacidosis |
Inborn errors of metabolism |
Organic acidemia |
Maple syrup urine disease (branched-chain amino acids) |
Propionic acidemia |
Methylmalonic acidemia |
Ketothiolase deficiency |
Multiple carboxylase deficiency (impaired biotin utilization) |
Fatty acid oxidation defects |
Ingestions |
Cyanide poisoning |
Ethanol intoxication |
Ethylene glycol |
Iron poisoning |
Metformin poisoning |
Methanol |
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug poisoning |
Salicylates |
Kidney failure |
Massive rhabdomyolysis |
Tumor lysis syndrome |
Normal anion gap (hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis) |
Loss of HCO3 |
Gastrointestinal loss |
Diarrhea |
Chronic laxative abuse |
Enteric fistulae |
Ureterosigmoidostomy |
Kidney loss |
HCO3 loss |
Proximal (type 2) renal tubular acidosis |
Drugs inhibiting proximal tubular carbonic anhydrase |
Acetazolamide |
Methazolamide |
Dichlorphenamide |
Topiramate |
Drugs causing proximal tubular injury |
Aminoglycosides |
Cisplatin |
Ifosfamide |
Tenofovir |
Cidofovir |
Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and mercury |
Diminished acid (H+) secretion |
Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis |
Early kidney failure |
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