Drugs |
Benzodiazepines |
Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (eg, zolpidem) |
Narcotics |
Alcohol |
Increased ammonia production, absorption or entry into the brain |
Excess dietary intake of protein |
Gastrointestinal bleeding |
Infection |
Electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia |
Constipation |
Metabolic alkalosis |
Dehydration |
Vomiting |
Diarrhea |
Hemorrhage |
Diuretics |
Large volume paracentesis |
Portosystemic shunting |
Radiographic or surgically placed shunts |
Spontaneous shunts |
Vascular occlusion |
Hepatic vein thrombosis |
Portal vein thrombosis |
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma |
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