Comorbidity | Potential interventions |
Obesity | - Counseling regarding nutrition and physical activity
- Referral for specialized weight loss management
|
Smoking | - Counseling regarding smoking cessation
- Pharmacologic aids for those interested in quitting
- Referral to smoking cessation programs and counseling
|
Obstructive sleep apnea | - Any treatment to prevent apneic episodes (eg, continuous positive airway pressure devices, mandibular advancement devices) may improve nocturnal dyspnea and choking sensations
|
Allergic rhinitis | - Allergen avoidance
- Intranasal glucocorticoids
- Antihistamines ± decongestants ± anti-leukotrienes
- Allergen immunotherapy
|
Chronic rhinosinusitis (particularly with nasal polyposis) | - Intranasal glucocorticoids
- Antimicrobial agents, in some patients
- Aspirin desensitization, in some patients
- Otolaryngology referral for consideration of surgical intervention
|
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | - Treatment of symptomatic disease with acid-suppressing agents
|
Inducible laryngeal obstruction | - Referral to otolaryngology for diagnosis and speech therapy for treatment
|
Anxiety and depression | - Counseling and/or pharmacologic management
|