Maternal factors | Effects |
Illicit substance use |
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Licit substance use (nicotine, psychotropic medications, OUD treatment medications, gabapentin) |
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Poor maternal health and well-being during the pregnancy, which can be caused by:
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Breastfeeding |
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Infant factors | Effects |
Sex |
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Gestational age |
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Fetal adaptation to poor maternal health and well-being during the pregnancy |
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Genetics/epigenetics |
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Environmental factors | Effects |
Physical environment |
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Caregiver (parent or medical staff) handling and communication |
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NAS: neonatal abstinence syndrome; OUD: opioid use disorder; ACEs: adverse childhood experiences; OPRM1: opioid receptor μ-1; COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit.
* Tools designed for NAS measurement are designed for term infants, so NAS may not be adequately assessed in preterm infants.
¶ Fetal adaptations to poor maternal health and well-being during pregnancy may not be evident until later in life, when the affected neurosystem matures.Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?