Cardiac | - Structural abnormalities, most commonly:
- Pulmonary artery stenosis/hypoplasia
- Tetralogy of Fallot
| 90 to 97% |
Vascular | - Intracranial bleeds – Including epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intraparenchymal
- Systemic vascular anomalies – Including aorta, kidney, celiac, superior mesenteric, and subclavian arteries
- Other – Moyamoya syndrome
| 15 to 30% |
Kidney | - Kidney abnormalities, most commonly:
- Kidney dysplasia
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Ureteropelvic obstruction
| 39% |
Facial | - Prominent forehead
- Deep-set eyes with moderate hypertelorism
- Pointed chin
- Saddle or straight nose with bulbous tip
| 20 to 97% |