Mechanisms of LPR and LPR-related symptoms

Dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter causes the reflux of gastro-duodenal contents into the UAT. Reflux mainly injures the mucosa of the larynx and pharynx but can sometimes even affect the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. Refluxate containing multiple acids and proteases injures the UAT mucosa and causes mucosal inflammation.