Active weight loss | Maintenance of reduced weight | |
Current metabolic state | Negative energy balance | Energy balance |
Changes compared with weight maintenance at usual body weight | ||
Energy expenditure | ↓↓ REE (approximately 2 times reduced weight maintenance residual) ↓ NREE ↑ Muscle contraction efficiency | ↓ REE* ↓ NREE* ↑ Muscle contraction efficiency* |
Neuroendocrine axes | ↓↓ T3, ↓↓ T4, ↓↓ TSH, ↑ rT3 ↓↓ Leptin/FM by 40 to 50%* ↑ Cortisol ↑ GH | ↓ T3*, ↓ T4*, ↓ TSH, ↑ rT3* ↓ Leptin/FM by approximately 10%* Cortisol within normal range No change or small ↑ GH |
Autonomics | ↑↑ PNS tone and ↓↓ SNS tone | ↑ PNS tone and ↓ SNS tone* |
Energy intake | ↓↓ Satiation ↑↑ Hunger | ↓ Satiation* ↑ Hunger* |
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