World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder adapted for patients with advanced chronic kidney disease

CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.

* Advanced CKD: CKD with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m².

¶ Morphine should be avoided in patients with advanced CKD due to accumulation of active metabolites.

Modified from: Comprehensive cancer pain management. In: Cancer Pain Relief, World Health Organization, Geneva 1986.

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