Patient factors |
Older age |
Cardiovascular disease (hypertension, recent MI, atrial fibrillation, HF, cardiac valvular disease) |
Prior stroke |
History of TIA |
Renal disease (acute renal failure, dialysis dependence) |
Diabetes |
COPD |
Female sex |
Carotid stenosis |
Tobacco use |
Non-cardioselective beta blocker therapy |
Surgical factors* |
Cardiac surgery |
Neurosurgery |
Carotid endarterectomy |
Major vascular surgery |
Major intraabdominal procedures |
Pulmonary resection |
Transplant surgery |
Arthroplasty |
Shoulder surgery in the beach chair position |
Head and neck surgery |
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