Left-sided TCVO in patient with long-standing history of indwelling dialysis catheters. Contrast injected via a catheter (arrow) placed into the cephalic vein is refluxing into left axillary vein (dashed arrow) due to occlusion of left subclavian vein (dashed line).
TCVO: thoracic central venous obstruction.
Courtesy of Albeir Y Mousa, MD, FACS, MBA, MPH, RPVI.
