Learning disorder syndrome | Clinical features in children without ASD* | Comments |
Reading disability (dyslexia) |
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Writing disability |
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Math LD |
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Language-based LD |
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Nonverbal LD (nonlanguage-based LD, right hemisphere developmental LD)Δ |
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ASD: autism spectrum disorder; LD: learning disorder; ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
* Children with ASD have impairment in social cognition and cognitive inflexibility that may be associated with learning impairments. Impairments in social cognition and flexibility typically affect classroom participation behaviors before they affect reading, writing, and math. Children with ASD without language impairment often have grade-/age-appropriate reading, writing, and math skills in the first years of school. They may begin to show difficulties in reading comprehension, written expression, and multiple-component math problems after grade 3 when educational demands on information processing and executive skills increase. Children with ASD with language impairment are likely to have difficulties in reading, writing, and math before grade 3.
¶ ADHD affects learning broadly. It can affect reading comprehension, written expression, and math, especially as the student advances past grade 3. After grade 3, overall information processing demands increase and executive skills such as working memory, planning, and organization become more important in reading, writing, and math.
Δ Not recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?