Malignancy |
Common: Esophageal cancer, lung cancer |
Less common: Laryngeal cancer, thyroid cancer, lymphoma, thymic cancer |
Prolonged endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy |
Endoscopic intervention (eg, endobronchial laser or cryotherapy) |
Infectious diseases |
Tuberculosis |
Actinomycosis |
Bacterial abscess |
Inflammatory diseases (eg, rheumatoid arthritis) |
Trauma (eg, penetrating trauma to the neck or chest) |
Caustic ingestion |
Esophageal stent |
Surgery |
Thoracic laryngectomy, esophagectomy |
Cardiac |
Mediastinal |
Radiotherapy |
Chemotherapy (eg, bevacizumab) |
Do you want to add Medilib to your home screen?