Parameter | Class I | Class II (mild) | Class III (moderate) | Class IV (severe) |
Approximate blood loss | <15% | 15 to 30% | 31 to 40% | >40% |
Heart rate | ↔ | ↔ / ↑ | ↑ | ↑ / ↑↑ |
Blood pressure | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ / ↓ | ↓ |
Pulse pressure | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Respiratory rate | ↔ | ↔ | ↔ / ↑ | ↑ |
Urine output | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓↓ |
Glasgow Coma Scale score | ↔ | ↔ | ↓ | ↓ |
Base deficit* | 0 to –2 mEq/L | –2 to –6 mEq/L | –6 to –10 mEq/L | –10 mEq/L or less |
Need for blood products | Monitor | Possible | Yes | Massive transfusion protocol |
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