Retinal fundus photographs of hypertensive retinopathy

Representative digital retinal fundus photographs of mild (A,B), moderate (C,D), and severe (E,F) hypertensive retinopathy, as graded with the simplified classification:
(A) Mild hypertensive retinopathy is indicated by the presence of generalized arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous (AV) nicking, and opacification of the arteriolar wall ("copper wiring").
(B) Mild hypertensive retinopathy with focal arteriolar narrowing.
(C,D) Moderate hypertensive retinopathy with multiple retinal hemorrhages and cotton wool patches.
(E,F) Severe hypertensive retinopathy with swelling of the optic disk, retinal hemorrhages, hard exudates, and cotton wool patches.