Version August 2025
| Infectious causes (eg, endocarditis, HBV, HCV, HIV) |
| Atherosclerosis |
| Thromboembolic disease |
| Congenital causes (eg, aortic coarctation, middle aortic syndrome) |
| Hereditary disorders (eg, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) |
| Fibromuscular dysplasia |
| Hypercoagulable states (eg, APS, TTP) |
| Vasospastic disorders (eg, RCVS, drug exposures) |
| Other multisystem inflammatory disorders (eg, sarcoidosis, Susac syndrome) |
| Malignancy (eg, lymphoma, leukemia) |
| Iatrogenic (eg, postradiation therapy) |
| IgG4-related disease |
