Behavior pain indicator | Description |
Facial expressions | Grimacing, closed or tightened eyes, rapid blinking |
Verbalizations/vocalizations | Noisy breathing, moaning, calling out |
Body movement | Guarding, restricted movement, mobility changes |
Changes in interpersonal interactions | Withdrawn, resisting care, aggressive |
Changes in activity patterns or routines | Refusing food, changes in rest pattern, increased wandering |
Mental status changes | Increased confusion, distress, crying, or tears |
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