Failed primary hemodialysis arteriovenous access

AV: arteriovenous.
* Failed primary AV fistula or AV graft. AV grafts should be evaluated with the first instance of graft failure.
¶ Central catheters for hemodialysis are an access of last resort.
Δ AV graft is typically placed in the upper arm and depends on the status of the axillosubclavian veins.