Preexisting airway difficulties |
- Difficult mask ventilation at induction
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- Difficult tracheal intubation at induction
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- History of difficult airway management
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- Obesity and/or obstructive sleep apnea
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- Increased risk for aspiration of gastric contents
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Perioperative airway deterioration |
- Surgical factors (anatomical distortion, hemorrhage, hematoma, edema)
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- Nonsurgical factors (dependent edema due to positioning, airway trauma from prior airway management, aggressive fluid management)
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Restricted airway access |
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- Mandibulomaxillary fixation
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- Large head/neck dressings
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