Changes in estrogen-progesterone levels |
Pregnancy |
Eclampsia-preeclampsia |
Ovarian stimulation |
Oral contraceptive medications |
Headache disorders |
Primary thunderclap headache |
Primary cough headache |
Primary headache associated with sexual activity |
Exercise (exertional) headache |
Migraine |
Vasoconstrictive agents |
Antimigraine agents (triptans, isometheptene, ergotamine tartrate) |
Blood products (red blood cell transfusions, erythropoietin) |
Cough and cold suppressants (phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine) |
Diet pills and energy-enhancing agents (amphetamine derivatives, Hydroxycut) |
Antidepressants (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors) |
Adrenergic agents (epinephrine, bromocriptine, lisuride) |
Illicit drugs (cocaine, ecstasy, marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide) |
Chemotherapeutic agents (tacrolimus, cyclophosphamide) |
Other (indomethacin, interferon alpha, intravenous immune globulin, licorice, ma huang [ephedra], methylergonovine, nicotine patches) |
Tumors |
Carcinoid, carotid paraganglioma, pheochromocytoma |
Metabolic |
Hypercalcemia, porphyria |
Environmental exposure or trauma |
High altitude |
Cold water exposure |
Swimming |
Head trauma |
Vascular |
Cerebral venous thrombosis |
Cervical artery dissection |
Postcarotid endarterectomy |
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) |
Neurosurgical manipulation of intracerebral arteries |
Spinal subdural hematoma |
Unruptured saccular cerebral aneurysm |
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