CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology

This article provides an overview of the clinical approach to the diagnosis of neurologic infections, focusing on the symptoms, signs, imaging features, and laboratory findings of the major categories of neuroinfectious diseases.

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Meningitis

Aksamit, Allen J. Jr MD, FAAN; Berkowitz, Aaron L. MD, PhD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000001016

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 836-854

This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of infectious meningitis, including updates on newer molecular diagnostic techniques for microbiological diagnosis.

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Encephalitis and Brain Abscess

Venkatesan, Arun MD, PhD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000001006

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 855-886

This article reviews infections of the brain parenchyma and includes an overview of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach, and management of infectious encephalitis and brain abscess.

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Infections of the Spine and Spinal Cord

Bhattacharyya, Shamik MD, MS; Bradshaw, Michael J. MD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000001031

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 887-920

Infections of the spine and spinal cord are associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality and, therefore, require prompt clinical recognition, efficient diagnostic evaluation, and interdisciplinary treatment. This article reviews the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of infections of the spine and spinal cord to help practicing clinicians recognize, evaluate, and manage patients with such infections.

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Infections of the Peripheral Nervous System

LoRusso, Samantha MD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000000981

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 921-942

This article describes infections that affect the peripheral nervous system, including their clinical features, differential diagnoses, and treatments.

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Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System

Garcia, Hector H. MD, PhD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000000986

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 943-962

This article reviews how parasites affect the human nervous system, with a focus on four parasitic infections of major public health importance worldwide, two caused by protozoa (malaria and toxoplasmosis) and two by helminths (neurocysticercosis and schistosomiasis).

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Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Grill, Marie F. MD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000001035

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 963-991

This article reviews the neurologic complications associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

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Neurologic Complications of Tuberculosis

Saylor, Deanna MD, MHS

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000001005

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 992-1017

This article describes the current epidemiology, common clinical characteristics, and up-to-date evidence-based approaches to the diagnosis and management of the most common neurologic complications of tuberculosis (TB): tuberculous meningitis, intracranial tuberculoma, and spinal TB.

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Neurosyphilis

Chow, Felicia MD, MAS

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000000982

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 1018-1039

This article focuses on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of neurosyphilis, with an emphasis on clinically relevant issues faced by the practicing neurologist.

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Neurologic Complications of Lyme Disease

Roos, Karen L. MD, FAAN

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000001015

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 1040-1050

This article reviews the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroborreliosis.

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Neurologic Manifestations of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection

Nath, Avindra MD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000000992

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 1051-1065

This article describes the spectrum of neurologic complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, their underlying pathology and pathogenic mechanisms, gaps in knowledge, and current therapeutic strategies.

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Neurologic Infections in Patients on Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Therapies

Anand, Pria MD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000000985

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 1066-1104

Both broadly immunosuppressive medications and selective immunomodulatory agents that act on particular components of the immune system are increasingly used in the treatment of neurologic and non-neurologic diseases. These therapies predispose patients to particular infections, some of which may affect the nervous system. Therefore, familiarity with the clinical and radiologic features of neurologic infections associated with specific immunomodulatory therapies is of importance for the practicing neurologist. This article reviews these neuroinfectious conditions, as well as other neurologic complications unique to transplant recipients and other patients who are immunocompromised.

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Congenital Infections of the Nervous System

Patel, Payal MD

doi : 10.1212/CON.0000000000000991

Volume 27(4), August 2021, p 1105-1126

This article provides an overview of congenital infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS), discussing the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic tools, and preventive and treatment measures for a variety of pathogens with the potential to infect the developing fetal brain.

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