Tilly Potter, Rute Vieira, Baukje de Roos
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa173
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 579–589
François Mariotti, Sabrina Havard, Anne Morise, Perrine Nadaud, Véronique Sirot, Sandrine Wetzler, Irène Margaritis
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa176
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 590–599
Adam Drewnowski, Nicola McKeown, Katrina Kissock, Eleanor Beck, Heddie Mejborn, Florent Vieux, Jessica Smith, Gabriel Masset, Chris J Seal
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa172
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 600–608.
Healthy eating patterns, as described by dietary guidelines, typically favor whole grains, low-fat dairy, vegetables, fruit, legumes, and nuts and seeds. Nutrient-profiling (NP) models capture nutrient density of individual foods and can inform healthier food choices. Although whole grains are prominently featured in most dietary guidelines, they are not included in most NP models. Healthy foods, as identified by most NP models, are those that contain limited amounts of energy, saturated fat, total or added sugar, and sodium. As global dietary guidance turns to foods and food groups as opposed to individual nutrients, future nutrient-density metrics may need to do the same. Potential methods to incorporate whole grains into the overall concept of nutrient density and into selected NP models are outlined in this review. Incorporating whole grains into the Nutri-Score, Health Star Rating, or the Nutrient Rich Food index will require further analyses of dietary nutrient density in relation to health outcomes across diverse population subgroups. We present the rationale for how the inclusion of whole grains in NP models can assist in the implementation of dietary guidance.
Adam Drewnowski, Daniel Amanquah, Breda Gavin-Smith
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab018
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 609–620
Nutrient profiling (NP) models aim to assess the nutritional quality of individual foods, according to their energy content and nutrient composition. NP models, initially created to prevent obesity in high-income countries, have tended to penalize dietary energy by giving lower ratings to foods containing excessive calories, fat, sugar, and salt. Energy-driven NP models may need to be reconceptualized for use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where hunger, undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies continue to be issues of public health concern. Consistent with the position of the WHO that the purpose of NP methods is to address an identified public health problem, NP models intended for use in LMIC ought to address inadequate intakes of vitamin A, B vitamins, folate, calcium, iron, iodine, and zinc and the frequent lack of high-quality protein. Those models of nutrient density that feature beneficial nutrients (high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements) may be better suited to LMIC needs than are some current NP models that are wholly based around nutrients to limit. NP models intended for LMIC and global use will also need to take food fortification into account. The challenge for LMIC public health agencies is how to balance the future risk of excess “empty” calories against the continuing danger of inadequate nutrients and micronutrient deficiencies that persist at the population level.
Jason D Morgenstern, Laura C Rosella, Andrew P Costa, Russell J de Souza, Laura N Anderson
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa183
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 621–631
M Kyla Shea, Kathleen L Berkner, Guylaine Ferland, Xueyan Fu, Rachel M Holden, Sarah L Booth
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab004
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 632–646.
Glen D Lawrence
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab013
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 647–656
Rachael Jinnette, Ai Narita, Byron Manning, Sarah A McNaughton, John C Mathers, Katherine M Livingstone
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa144
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 657–669
Igor Trujillo-Mayol, Mar?a Guerra-Valle, Nidia Casas-Forero, M Madalena C Sobral, Olga Viegas, Julio Alarc?n-Enos, Isabel Mplvo Ferreira, Ol?via Pinho
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa171
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 670–681
The importance of balanced dietary habits, which include appropriate amounts of antioxidants to maintain the immune system, has become increasingly relevant during the current SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic, because viral infections are characterized by high oxidative stress. Furthermore, the measures taken by governments to control the pandemic have led to increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which affect physical and mental health, all of which are influenced by nutritional status, diet, and lifestyle. The Mediterranean diet (MD), Atlantic diet (AD), and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans all provide the essential vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds needed to activate enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant responses. However, viral pandemics such as the current COVID-19 crisis entail high oxidative damage caused by both the infection and the resultant social stresses within populations, which increases the probability and severity of infection. Balanced dietary patterns such as the MD and the AD are characterized by the consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, and whole grains with low intakes of processed foods and red meat. For a healthy lifestyle in young adults, the MD in particular provides the required amount of antioxidants per day for vitamins D (0.3–3.8 ?g), E (17.0 mg), C (137.2–269.8 mg), A (1273.3 ?g), B-12 (1.5–2.0 ?g), and folate (455.1–561.3 ?g), the minerals Se (120.0 ?g), Zn (11.0 mg), Fe (15.0–18.8 mg), and Mn (5.2–12.5 mg), and polyphenols (1171.00 mg) needed to maintain an active immune response. However, all of these diets are deficient in the recommended amount of vitamin D (20 ?g/d). Therefore, vulnerable populations such as elders and obese individuals could benefit from antioxidant supplementation to improve their antioxidant response. Although evidence remains scarce, there is some indication that a healthy diet, along with supplemental antioxidant intake, is beneficial to COVID-19 patients.
Renata Silverio, Daniela Caetano Gonçalves, M?rcia F?bia Andrade, Marilia Seelaender
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa125
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 682–692
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease that has reached pandemic status by rapidly spreading worldwide. Elderly individuals and patients with comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension show a higher risk of hospitalization, severe disease, and mortality by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These patients frequently show exacerbated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines associated with an overreaction of the immune system, the so-called cytokine storm. Host nutritional status plays a pivotal role in the outcome of a variety of different infectious diseases. It is known that the immune system is highly affected by malnutrition, leading to decreased immune responses with consequent augmented risk of infection and disease severity. Body composition, especially low lean mass and high adiposity, has consistently been linked to worsened prognosis in many different diseases. In this review, evidence concerning the impact of nutritional status on viral infection outcomes is discussed.
Katrina R Kissock, Elizabeth P Neale, Eleanor J Beck
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa122
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 693–707
Tommy H T Wong, Chi Ho Wong, Xiaoyu Zhang, Yunpeng Zhou, Jinfeng Xu, Kam Chuen Yuen, Jennifer M F Wan, Jimmy C Y Louie
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa132
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 708–721
Thanitsara Rittiphairoj, Krit Pongpirul, Kantima Janchot, Noel T Mueller, Tianjing Li
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa133
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 722–734
Alireza Milajerdi, Nasser Ebrahimi-Daryani, Levinus A Dieleman, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa145
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 735–743
Stephen J Smith, Adrian L Lopresti, Shaun Y M Teo, Timothy J Fairchild
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa134
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 744–765
Mohammad Hasan Sohouli, Somaye Fatahi, Elham Sharifi-Zahabi, Heitor O Santos, Nishant Tripathi, Abolfazl Lari, Behnaz Pourrajab, Hamed Kord-Varkaneh, Mihnea-Alexandru G?man, Farzad Shidfar
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa150
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 766–776
Lauren E Theodore, Nicole J Kellow, Emily A McNeil, Evangeline O Close, Eliza G Coad, Barbara R Cardoso
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa153
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 777–792
Sina Naghshi, Mehdi Sadeghian, Morteza Nasiri, Sara Mobarak, Masoomeh Asadi, Omid Sadeghi
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa152
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 793–808
Asma Kazemi, Reza Barati-Boldaji, Sepideh Soltani, Nazanin Mohammadipoor, Zahra Esmaeilinezhad, Cian C T Clark, Siavash Babajafari, Marzieh Akbarzadeh
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa147
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 809–849
Junrui Cheng, Abdulkerim Eroglu
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa143
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 850–864
Sarah D Lee, Nicole J Kellow, Tammie S T Choi, Catherine E Huggins
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa127
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 865–886
Katrina L Hinde, Thomas J O'Leary, Julie P Greeves, Sophie L Wardle
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa123
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 887–896
Paul Kelly
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa135
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 897–903
Jesse Sheftel, Sherry A Tanumihardjo
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa136
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 904–941
Bryan M Gannon, Lisa M Rogers, Sherry A Tanumihardjo
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa137
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 942–958
A systematic review was conducted to summarize the absorption, transport, storage, and metabolism of oral neonatal vitamin A supplementation (NVAS). This review focused specifically on the neonatal period (first 28 d of life for humans) to inform guidance by WHO on recommendations related to NVAS. A systematic search of international and regional databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were human or animal studies that gave oral vitamin A as a single or limited number of doses to apparently healthy neonates. Studies evaluating fortification or food-based approaches, dosing with retinoic acid, or studies of neonatal models of disease were excluded. The search retrieved 8847 unique records. After screening by title and abstract, 88 were screened using the full text, and 35 records met inclusion criteria: 13 human and 22 animal studies. Studies indicate that high-dose NVAS is absorbed well by neonates, typically mirroring fat absorption. Doses were primarily stored in the liver and transiently increased in the lung, kidney, spleen, adrenal glands, brain, skin, and adipose tissue, generally with a dose-response. Serum retinol and retinyl esters also transiently increased following NVAS. Although minimal acute adverse effects are noted, there is a lack of data supporting NVAS for improving organ maturation or sustained delivery to target organs. Research gaps include the physiological effects of the short-term increase of vitamin A concentrations in extrahepatic tissues, or whether there are unknown adverse effects over time.
Elizabeth Ledger, Philliness Prisca Harawa, Allison I Daniel, Toby Candler, Andrew M Prentice, Robert H J Bandsma
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa138
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 959–968
Dysglycemia is a common complication of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in children. Its prevalence and impact on short- and long-term outcomes are not well described. This systematic review was undertaken to review the available evidence on dysglycemia (either hypo- or hyperglycemia) in hospitalized children with SAM. The 2 primary objectives of this systematic review were to understand the prevalence of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in children with SAM. A secondary objective was to understand the relation between dysglycemia and clinical outcomes like mortality in children with SAM. MEDLINE was searched with terms related to children, SAM, and dysglycemia. A meta-analysis of proportions was completed to determine the hypoglycemia prevalence and a standard meta-analysis was done to determine the relation between hypoglycemia and mortality. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. A total of 2148 articles were identified in the database search of which 16 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review based on screening done by multiple reviewers. The overall prevalence of hypoglycemia in SAM across studies based on the meta-analysis of proportions was 9% (95% CI: 7%, 12%; I2 = 92%). Meta-analysis results showed that hypoglycemia was associated with a higher chance of mortality during hospitalization in children with SAM (OR: 4.29; 95% CI: 3.04, 6.05; I2 = 0%). According to the GRADE evaluation, the certainty of the evidence for the prevalence of hypoglycemia was low and for hyperglycemia was very low. For the relation between hypoglycemia and mortality, the certainty of the evidence was moderate. A meta-analysis was not carried out for the prevalence of hyperglycemia due to the wide range of definitions used for across studies, but the prevalence ranged from 2% to 38% in the literature. This systematic review highlights the need for further work in this area to include serial glucose measurements to understand the clinical importance of dysglycemia during hospitalization in children with SAM.
Rana F Chehab, Tzu-Wen L Cross, Michele R Forman
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa146
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 969–979
Melissa Gonzalez-Soto, David M Mutch
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa142
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 980–994
Kathrin Pallauf, Ilka Günther, Gianna Kühn, Dawn Chin, Sonia de Pascual-Teresa, Gerald Rimbach
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa148
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 995–1005
Bin Zeng, Ting Chen, Jun-Yi Luo, Lin Zhang, Qian-Yun Xi, Qing-Yan Jiang, Jia-Jie Sun, Yong-Liang Zhang
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa124
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1006–1019
Shiri Sherf-Dagan, Tali Sinai, Ariela Goldenshluger, Inbal Globus, Yafit Kessler, Chaya Schweiger, Tair Ben-Porat
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmaa121
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1020–1031
Heather A Eicher-Miller, Lukkamol Prapkree, Cristina Palacios
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab022
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1032–1041
Gary A Sforzo, Margaret Moore, Geoff E Moore, Sebastian Harenberg
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab020
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1042–1043
Sofia Mendes Sieczkowska, Alisson Padilha de Lima, Paul Alan Swinton, Eimear Dolan, Hamilton Roschel, Bruno Gualano
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab021
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1043–1044
Anna V Mattioli, Alberto Farinetti
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab029
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1044–1045
David S Seres, Paul M Coates
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab030
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1045–1046
doi : 10.1093/advances/nmab052
Adv Nutr. 2021 May; 12(3): 1049
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