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A systematic review on Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Pharmacological actions, molecular mechanisms and clinical outcomes
PanLiangabLinshenMaoabYueMaabWeiRenabSijinYangab
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114234
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114234
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases have become a severe threat for human health worldwide, however, optimal therapeutic options are still developed. Zhilong Huoxue Tongyu capsule (ZL capsule) is mainly composed of Astragalus membranaceus, Leech, Earthworm, Cinnamomum cassia and Sargentodoxa cuneata, having functions of replenishing qi and activating blood, dispelling wind and reducing phlegm. It is an expanded application on the basis of traditional uses of above TCMs, acquiring a satisfactory curative effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases over twenty years.
Oral hygiene in Namibia: A case of chewing sticks
Moola M.NyambeaEzekeil G.KwembeyabKamuheloLisaocRenateHansa
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114203
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114203
Chewing sticks have served as the primary form of dental care for rural communities in resource-poor settings for millennia. They are one of the most important under-researched, non-timber forest products in Namibia. This review provides an overview of plants that are used as chewing sticks in Namibia and highlights pharmacological as well as phytochemical studies conducted on them.
Genus Triplaris (Polygonaceae): A review on traditional medicinal use, phytochemistry and biological activities
Sandra Kelle SouzaMacêdoabcK?tia Simoni BezerraLimaabNaiane Darklei dos SantosSilvacS?rley Sharliny GomesCamposbBruna RodriguesAra?jobJackson Roberto Guedes da SilvaAlmeidaacLarissa Ara?joRolimacXirley PereiraNunesbc
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114188
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114188
The genus Triplaris (Polygonaceae) comprises approximately 25 species distributed throughout South and Central America. Some species have been used in folk medicine, mainly, to treat malaria, leishmaniasis, diarrheia, dysenteria, pain and inflammation.
Genus Sapium (Euphorbiaceae): A review on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology
QiaobianHeaLiZhangbTingLiaChanghaoLiaHuinaSongaPeihongFana
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114206
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114206
Genus Sapium, belonging to Euphorbiaceae family, has a wide distribution in Asia and in temperate and tropical regions of Africa and America. The various parts of Sapium species have been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of edema, skin-related diseases, bacterial infections, cancers, diabetes, and other ailments.
Exploring the resources of the genus Viscum for potential therapeutic applications
ChuanSongab1Xu-YaWeic1Zi-DongQiub1LiGongbZe-YanChenbYingMabYeShenbYu-JunZhaobWei-haoWangaChang-Jiang-ShengLaibBinYanga
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114233
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114233
The genus Viscum comprises approximately 100 species that are mainly distributed across Africa, Asia and Europe. The extracts and preparations of Viscum species are widely used as common complementary and alternative medicines in the treatment of rheumatism and cancer.
Berberine for bone regeneration: Therapeutic potential and molecular mechanisms
YuhanZhangacdJinlongMabcWeifenZhangbcd
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114249
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114249
Berberine is a quaternary ammonium isoquinoline alkaloid, mainly extracted from plants berberaceae, papaveraceae, ranunculaceae and rutaceae such as coptis chinensis Franch, Phellodendron chinense, and berberis pruinosa. The plants are extensively used in traditional medicine for treating infection, diabetes, arrhythmia, tumor, osteoporosis et al. Pharmacological studies showed berberine has effects of anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, lower blood lipid, lower blood glucose, anti-osteoporosis, anti-osteoarthritis et al.
Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Rumph. ex A. Juss. (Euphorbiaceae): An overview of its botanical diversity, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological effects and perspectives towards developing its plant-based products
EmmanuelMfotie NjoyaabPaulMoundipa FewouaTimo H.J.Niedermeyerb
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114244
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114244
Codiaeum variegatum also called miracle shrub, is a plant species constituted of more than 300 cultivars which are mostly used as indoor plants for decoration. However, some of these varieties are used by indigenous populations for the treatment of diarrhoea, stomach ache, external wounds, intestinal worms and ulcers.
Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Akebiae Caulis and its synonyms: A review
XueLiaYingXiabGuohuaLibZhilaiZhancRuyuYaodMinhuiLiabe
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114245
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114245
“Mutong” (?? in Chinese, and generally known as Akebiae Caulis), which refers to a group of herbal medicines with different biological origins along history, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years; it is still being frequently used in medicine. In recent decades, Akebiae Caulis has been reported to exhibit apparent toxicity.
Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel (Jaboticaba) leaf extract: In vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity, toxicity assessment and phenolic-targeted UPLC-MSE metabolomic analysis
B?rbara Verena DiasGalv?oa1Carlos FernandoAraujo-Limaab1Mônica Cristine Pereira dosSantosc1Mariana PulmarSeljancEduardo KennedyCarr?o-DantasaClaudia Alessandra FortesAiubdLuiz ClaudioCamerondeMariana Sim?es LarrazFerreirace?dira Castello Branco deAndrade GonçalvescIsraelFelzenszwalba
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114217
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114217
Plinia cauliflora (Mart.) Kausel, known as Brazilian grape or jaboticaba, is widely used in Brazilian traditional medicine to treat infectious and inflammatory disorders. However, several aspects of its biological potential remain unclear, such as toxicity and effects on pathogenic protozoa.
Activity of Compound Agrimony Enteritis Capsules against invasive candidiasis: Exploring the differences between traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and its main components in the treatment of diseases
JunLiac1Ze-HuaJinab1Jia-ShengLiacLiu-YanSuacYing-XianWangacYiZhangacDing-MeiQinacGao-XiongRaoacRui-RuiWangac
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114201
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114201
Compound Agrimony Enteritis Capsules (FFXHC) is an ethnomedicine derived from Yi Nationality Herbal Medicine for the treatment of enteritis. We found that compared to berberine hydrochloride (BBR), a component of this medicine, FFXHC was more efficacious in the mouse model of IC mice in significantly alleviating lung and intestinal lesions. ” Our study provides a novel perspective into the pharmacological mechanism of action of the ethnic compound FFXHC.
Brazilian Red Propolis shows antifungal and immunomodulatory activities against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Lauana AparecidaSantosaPedro LuizRosalenaNayara AndradeDiasaJulianne CaravitaGrisoliaaBruno JoséNascimento GomesaLucasBlosfeld-LopesaMasaharuIkegakiaSeverino Matias deAlencarbEvaBurgera
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114181
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114181
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis with high prevalence in South America and especially in Brazil with severe clinical consequences that need broadened therapeutic options.
Suppressive, curative, and prophylactic potentials of an antimalarial polyherbal mixture and its individual components in Plasmodium berghei-Infected mice
Stephenie C.AlaribeaAkolade R.OladipupoaGoodness C.UcheaMaryan U.OnumbaaDuncanOtadOlufunshoAwodelebWellington A.Oyiboc
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114105
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114105
Malaria remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in tropical regions of the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it remains epidemiologically holoendemic. The absence of effective vaccines and Plasmodium resistance to antimalarial drugs have been the major challenges to malaria control measures. An alternative strategy could be the application of validated and standardized herbal formulations.
Fractions of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Compositae) induce mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in rats: Possible option in monosodium glutamate-induced hepatic and uterine pathological disorder
Adeola OluwakemiOlowofolahanOlufunso OlabodeOlorunsogo
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114192
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114192
Several pathological disorders have been attributed to either oxidative stress or defect in apoptotic signaling pathway. Some bioactive compounds elicit their antiproliferative properties by induction of apoptosis via mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) pore opening.
The anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, involves Akt/NF-?B signaling pathway inhibition
Muhammad JahangirHossenae1AftabAmina1Xiu-QiongFuaJi-YaoChouaJia-YingWuaXiao-QiWangaYing-JieChenaYingWuaJunkuiLiaCheng-LeYinaChunLiangdGui-XinChoubZhi-LingYuac
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114183
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114183
The dried rhizome of Atractylodes lancea (Thumb.) DC. (Compositae) has been prescribed in folk medicine for the management of various inflammatory conditions such as rheumatic diseases, gastritis and hepatitis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial properties of this herb remain elusive.
Rubioncolin C, a natural naphthohydroquinone dimer isolated from Rubia yunnanensis, inhibits the proliferation and metastasis by inducing ROS-mediated apoptotic and autophagic cell death in triple-negative breast cancer cells
LingLia1JiaWangab1LiFengaJuntingFanabJingWangaNinghuaTanaZheWanga
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114184
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114184
Rubia yunnanensis Diels is a traditional Chinese medicine that has diverse pharmacological activities, including antituberculosis, antirheumatism and anticancers. Rubioncolin C (RC), a natural naphthohydroquinone dimer isolated from the roots and rhizomes of R. yunnanensis Diels, has shown potent antitumor activity. However, the antitumor activity and its potential mechanism of RC in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines remained unclear.
Protocatechudehyde improves mitochondrial energy metabolism through the HIF1?/PDK1 signaling pathway to mitigate ischemic stroke-elicited internal capsule injury
MiaolinZengaChongyuShaobHuifenZhoubYuHecWentaoLicJieqiongZengaXixiZhaoaJiehongYangaHaitongWanab
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114232
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114232
The internal capsule is vulnerable to ischemia, and mild ischemic stroke often results in lesion of the internal capsule, manifested as contralateral hemiplegia. Protocatechudehyde (PCA), a potential neuroprotective agent, has shown therapeutic effects in the study of a variety of nervous system diseases, including ischemic stroke.
Liu Shen Wan inhibits influenza virus-induced secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection in vivo and in vitro
JinZhaoa1YutaoWanga1XiaodongHuangaQinhaiMaaJianSongaXiaoWuaHongxiaZhouaYuncengWengaZifengYangacXinhuaWangab
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114066
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114066
Liu Shen Wan (LSW) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with detoxification and antiphlogistic activity; it is composed of bezoar, toad venom, musk, pearl powder, borneol and realgar. In recent years, LSW has been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of influenza, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, mumps, cancer and leukaemia.
Momordica charantia L. induces non-apoptotic cell death in human MDA-MB-436 breast and A549 lung cancer cells by disrupting energy metabolism and exacerbating reactive oxygen species’ generation
Adeola FolasadeEhigieaPengWeibTaotaoWeibXiyunYancOlufunso O.OlorunsogoaFiyinfoluwa DemiladeOjeniyiaLeonard OnaEhigied
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114036
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114036
Bitter melon, Momordica charantia L. (MC), is an ethnomedicinal plant cultivated in different climes. It's cytotoxic effect on several cancer cell lines has been evaluated. However, there have been contrasting reports on the actual mechanism (s) involved in the observed cell death induced by MC.
Ginsenosides regulation of lysophosphatidylcholine profiles underlies the mechanism of Shengmai Yin in attenuating atherosclerosis
YunWangaJiaweiWuaJiayingZhuaChujieDingaWanfengXuaHaipingHaoaJunZhangbGuangjiWangaLijuanCaoa
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114223
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114223
The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation, Shengmai Yin (SMY), is widely applied in cardiovascular disease treatments. However, the pharmacological mechanism of its therapeutic effects has not been fully clarified.
Efficacy and safety assessment of severe COVID-19 patients with Chinese medicine: A retrospective case series study at early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China
YuWanga1ChengLua1HaoLia1WenshengQia1LianguoRuanb1YongjunBiana1HuaxinShia1HuiSongb1ShengjinTub1YanZhangb1TaoBaib1RongCaob1KeHongb1HuadongLib1LiLiub1SixiaLub1NianheRonga1YueLiua1JiliangFanga1JiahengShia1WeiYanga1BinZhaoa1YangYanga1YufengZhaoa1ShaoyuanLia1TiebingFana1PeijingRonga1LuqiHuanga1
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113888
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 113888
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has formed a global pandemic since late 2019. Benefitting from the application experience of Chinese Medicine (CM) for influenza and SARS, CM has been used to save patients at the early stage of COVID-19 outbreak in China.
Zihuai recipe alleviates cyclophosphamide-induced diminished ovarian reserve via suppressing PI3K/AKT-mediated apoptosis
WeipingLiuaQiChenaZhidanLiuaZhiweiWengbTruong NamNguyencJiamingFengaShaohuZhoub
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113789
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 113789
Zihuai recipe (ZHR), a Chinese herbal prescription, is widely used for the clinical treatment of Diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) infertility. However, little is known regarding its underlying mechanisms of DOR treatment.
Discovery of the signal pathways and major bioactive compounds responsible for the anti-hypoxia effect of Chinese cordyceps
HailinLongXuehongQiuLiCaoRichouHan
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114215
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114215
Hypoxia will cause an increase in the rate of fatigue and aging. Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Thitarodes insect-Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus complex in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has long been used to ameliorate human conditions associated with aging and senescence, it is principally applied to treat fatigue, night sweating and other symptoms related to aging, and it may play the anti-aging and anti-fatigue effect by improving the body's hypoxia tolerance.
Cimicifuga dahurica extract inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in vitro and in vivo
HuiJiaaXinyingWangaWenwuLiuaXiaochunQincBeiHudQunMadChongningLvaJincaiLuab
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114057
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114057
Cimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim (C. dahurica) has a long history of treating breast cancer. From the Qing Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty and even earlier, C. dahurica has been documented in the treatment of breast carbuncle (Breast cancer is classified as breast carbuncle in Chinese medicine). In traditional prescriptions such as “Sheng Ge Decoction”, “Sheng Ma Powder” and “Breast Carbuncle Pill”, as the main medicine, C. dahurica plays an important role. At present, the systematic studies on the in vitro and in vivo effects of Cimicifuga against breast cancer are rare, especially the C. dahurica.
Exploration of the potential mechanism of Banxia Xiexin Decoction for the effects on TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis rats with the assistance of network pharmacology analysis
WeiweiWangabCongcongXuabXinyeLiabZibingWangabJinchuanYangbYeShenbMenggeShiabLixiaChenbLiliZhangabYilinGuoabBingWangcTongZhangabYiqiongPuab
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114197
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114197
Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD), an ancient TCM prescription originating from Treatise on Febrile Diseases (Shang Han Lun) of the Han Dynasty, has been widely used in modern clinical practice, especially for gastrointestinal diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the modern decoction method of BXD differs from that of the original method. Thus, an exploration of the influence of the different decoction methods on the pharmacological effects is interesting and significant.
Online discovery of the molecular mechanism for directionally detoxification of Fuzi using real-time extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Zi-DongQiuacXiaopingZhangbXu-YaWeiaKonstantinChinginbJia-QuanXubWeiGaodBinYangeShuang-LongWangbTingTanfE-HuLiucHai-YuXueGuang-HongCuiaJuanGuoaYa-NanWangaYeShenaYu-JunZhaoaHuan-WenChenbChang-Jiang-ShengLaiaLu-QiHuangac
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114216
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114216
Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, a famous traditional medicinal herb for collapse, rheumatic fever, and painful joints, always raises global concerns about its fatal toxicity from toxic alkaloids when improperly processed. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the internal molecular mechanism of processing detoxification on Aconitum and develop simple and reliable approaches for clinical application, which is also of great significance to the rational medicinal use of Aconitum.
Lobostemon trigonus (Thunb.) H. Buek, a medicinal plant from South Africa as a potential natural microbicide against HIV-1
PhindiweChawukeabNarinevan den BergaGerdaFouchebVineshMaharajb1TinotendaShokobC.Johan van der WesthuizenaLukeInvernizzibKabamba BankolediAlexandrea1
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114222
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114222
There have been different methods proposed to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1 and many of them have centered on the use of anti-retrovirals as microbicides. Given that a large section of the African population still relies on herbal medicine, Lobostemon trigonus (L. trigonus), a traditionally used medicinal plant in South Africa to treat HIV-1 was further investigated for its potential as a natural microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Anemarrhena saponins attenuate insulin resistance in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity via the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT pathway
MengFengaFenLiuaJulingXingaYanhuaZhongbXinxinZhoua
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114251
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114251
Anemarrhena asphodeloides is the dry rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. Anemarrhena Saponins isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides are one of the pharmacologically active components of this plant and have blood lipid reduction and blood glucose reduction properties. These facts suggest that these saponins might be helpful in the treatment of insulin resistance.
In-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of phosphate buffer extract of Calotropis procera latex in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei
JohnsonAdejohaBassey A.InyangaMaxwell O.EguabKenneth C.NwachukwuaLukman A.AlliaMichael P.Okoha
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114237
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114237
Malaria is a global health problem with the greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). The resistance to available antimalarial agents necessitate for the development of new and safe drugs for which medicinal plants provides credible alternative sources for discovering new and cheap therapeutic agents. Calotropis procera is used in several folk or traditional medicines for the treatment of various diseases across different regions of the world. In Nigeria traditional medicine, C. procera latex is used either alone or in combination with other herbs to cure common diseases including malaria. In Malaka district (Indonesia), Calotropis gigantea (a member of Apocyanceae), is one of the most used herbs to treat malaria patient via the massage method.
Botanicals and phytochemicals from the bark of Hypericum roeperianum (Hypericaceae) had strong antibacterial activity and showed synergistic effects with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria expressing active efflux pumps
Olive Monique F.DemgneabFrancoisDamencAimé G.FankamaMichel-Gael F.GuefackaBrice E.N.WambaaPaulNayimaArmelle T.MbavengaGabin T.M.BitchagnocLéon AzefackTapondjoucVeronique B.PenlapbPierreTanec1ThomasEfferthdVictorKuetea
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114257
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114257
Infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria constitute a real problem in the public health worldwide. Hypericum roeperianum Schimp. ex A. Rich (Hypericaceae) is used traditionally for treatment of various ailments such as abdominal pains, constipation, diarrhea, indigestion, nausea, and bacterial diseases.
Astragalus saponins improves stroke by promoting the proliferation of neural stem cells through phosphorylation of Akt
YuWangac1XuLiuc1TingdongHubXinLidYuruChenacGuangxuXiaocJuyangHuangaYanxuChangcYanZhucHanZhangcYingWangb
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114224
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114224
As one of major components of Buyang Huanwu decoction, Astragali Radix is broadly used for stroke treatment. Astragalus saponins (AST), the main active compound from Astragali Radix has the potentials for neuroprotection and improving spatial memory without clear pharmacological mechanism.
Aqueous extracts from cultivated Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma as polysaccharide adjuvant promote immune responses via facilitating dendritic cell activation
ShuangshuangFenga1XiumeiYangaXiangWenga1BinWangbAilianZhanga
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114256
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114256
Herbal polysaccharides have exhibited great immune-enhancing potential. Adjuvants are a key tool for developing efficacious vaccines. In our previous study, a water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from wild Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma showed potent immunostimulatory activity.
Yixin-Fumai granules improve sick sinus syndrome in aging mice through Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway: A new target for sick sinus syndrome
HengZhangaLingkangLiaMiaoHaoaKeyanChenbYongpingLucJingQidWeiChendLuRenadXintongCaiaChenChenaZhuangLiuaBinZhaoaZhishuangLiaPingHouad
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114254
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114254
Yixin-Fumai granules (YXFMs)—composed of Ginseng quinquefolium (L.) Alph. Wood, Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl, Schisandra arisanensis Hayata, Astragalus aaronsohnianus Eig, Salvia cryptantha Montbret & Aucher ex Benth, and Ligusticum striatum DC—are compound granules used in traditional Chinese medicine to increase heart rate and thus treat bradyarrhythmia. It may be effective in treating sick sinus syndrome (SSS).
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract attenuates hepatic and cognitive deficits in thioacetamide-induced rat model of hepatic encephalopathy via induction of Nrf2/HO-1 and mitigation of NF-?B/MAPK signaling pathways
Heba M.A.KhalilaHesham A.EliwabRiham A.El-ShiekhcAsmaa K.Al-MokaddemdMarwaHassaneAzza M.TawfekfWalaa H.El-Maadawyg
doi : 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114141
Volume 277, 15 September 2021, 114141
Ashwagandha (ASH) is one of the medicinal plants used in traditional Indian, Ayurvedic, and Unani medicines for their broad range of pharmacological activities including, tonic, aphrodisiac, energy stimulant, and counteracting chronic fatigue. Besides, it is used in the treatment of nervous exhaustion, memory-related conditions, insomnia, as well as improving learning ability and memory capacity. ASH is preclinically proven to be efficient in hepatoprotection and improving cognitive impairment, however, its beneficial effects against hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the protective effects of ASH root extract against thioacetamide (TAA)-induced HE and delineate the underlying behavioral and pharmacological mechanisms.
