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Immunology and genetics of asthma, and probiotics in the treatment of atopic dermatitis
Philippe Eigenmann
doi : 10.1111/pai.13408
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 5-8
Is there a role for childhood vaccination against COVID?19?
Christiane Sigrid Eberhardt Claire?Anne Siegrist
doi : 10.1111/pai.13401
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 9-16
Tremendous efforts are undertaken to quickly develop COVID?19 vaccines that protect vulnerable individuals from severe disease and thereby limit the health and socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic. Potential candidates are tested in adult populations, and questions arise of whether COVID?19 vaccination should be implemented in children. Compared to adults, the incidence and disease severity of COVID?19 are low in children, and despite their infectiveness, their role in disease propagation is limited. Therefore, COVID?19 vaccines will need to have fully demonstrated safety and efficacy in preventing not only complications but transmission to justify childhood vaccination. This work summarizes currently tested vaccine platforms and debates practical and ethical considerations for their potential use in children. It also discusses the already deleterious effect of the pandemic on routine childhood vaccine coverage, calling for action to limit the risks for a rise in vaccine?preventable diseases.
The potential threat of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children during the COVID?19 pandemic
Hussin A. Rothan Siddappa N. Byrareddy
doi : 10.1111/pai.13361
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 17-22
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS?C) during the COVID?19 pandemic raised a global alert from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Health Alert Network. The main manifestations of MIS?C (also known as pediatric MIS (PMIS)) in the setting of a severe inflammatory state include fever, diarrhea, shock, and variable presence of rash, conjunctivitis, extremity edema, and mucous membrane changes. In some cases, these symptoms progressed to multi?organ failure. The low percentage of children with asymptomatic cases compared with mild illness and moderate illness could be correlated with the rare cases of MIS?C. One potential explanation for the progression to severe MIS?C disease despite the presence of readily detectable anti?SARS?CoV?2 antibodies could be due to the potential role of antibody?dependent enhancement (ADE). We reason that the incidence of the ADE phenomenon whereby the pathogen?specific antibodies can promote pathology should be considered in vaccine development against SARS?CoV?2.
Global differences in atopic dermatitis
Noor H. A. Suaini Cheryl P. T. Tan Evelyn X. L. Loo Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
doi : 10.1111/pai.13335
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 23-33
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder, with a highly variable prevalence worldwide. Recent evidence, however, has shown an increase in prevalence in the Asia Pacific region. Nevertheless, most of the published literature has focused mainly on Western populations, and only few clinical trials have included subgroups of other ethnic populations. Reasons for the observed ethnic and geographical differences in AD are not well established. This calls into question the need for a better understanding of AD pathogenesis and inter?ethnic differences in clinical and immuno?phenotypes. These differences may reflect inherent variability in disease mechanisms between populations, which in turn may impact upon treatment responses such as biologics that are currently tailored mainly to a specific immuno?phenotype (T?helper type 2 dominant). In this article, we reviewed existing literature on the prevalence of AD globally, highlighting differences, if any, in the clinical and immuno?phenotypes of AD between different ethnicities. We discussed genetic and environmental factors that affect AD in different populations and therapeutic considerations. Our review highlights AD as a disease with ethnic?dependent clinical and immunological heterogeneity and calls for greater inclusion of ethnic diversity in future research in order to develop targeted treatments.
Childhood wheeze trajectory?specific risk factors: A systematic review and meta?analysis
Arthur H. Owora Yijia Zhang
doi : 10.1111/pai.13313
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 34-50
There is growing interest in the use of latent trajectory methodology to identify wheeze patterns in heterogeneous populations of children. This study systematically reviewed and meta?analyzed childhood wheeze trajectory studies to identify childhood wheeze trajectory group?specific risk factors among children from birth through to adolescence.
Bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing are distinguished by type 2 innate lymphoid cells and immune response
Beatriz Sastre Mar?a Luz Garc?a?Garc?a José Antonio Ca?as Cristina Calvo José Manuel Rodrigo?Mu?oz Inmaculada Casas Ignacio Mah?llo?Fern?ndez Victoria del Pozo
doi : 10.1111/pai.13317
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 51-59
Recurrent wheezing (RW) is frequently developed in infants that have suffered bronchiolitis (BCH) during first months of life, but the immune mechanism underlying is not clear. The goal was to analyze the innate immune response that characterizes BCH and RW.
Pulmonary function testing with tidal breath analyze technique is useful in predicting persistant small airway damage in infants with acute bronchiolitis
Elif ?elik P?nar Uysal
doi : 10.1111/pai.13318
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 60-66
Due to technical difficulties, lung function in infants is less studied. This prospective cross?sectional study investigated breathing parameters by using tidal breath analysis (TBA) technique in hospitalized infants with the first?time acute bronchiolitis (AB).
Cognitive dysfunction and quality of life during pollen season in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Georgia Papapostolou Hampus Kiotseridis Kerstin Romberg ?sl?g Dahl Leif Bjermer Magnus Lindgren David Aronsson Alf Tuns?ter Ellen Tufvesson
doi : 10.1111/pai.13328
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 67-76
Allergic rhinitis often gives rise to impaired quality of life and is believed to also affect cognitive function. We aimed to examine whether cognitive functions were impaired during grass pollen season in symptomatic allergic children and to relate the degree of impairment to quality of life and biomarkers related to stress and inflammation.
Can serum periostin, YKL?40, and osteopontin levels in pre?school children with recurrent wheezing predict later development of asthma?
Hakan Guvenir Betul Buyuktiryaki Ilknur Kulhas Celik Ersoy Civelek Aysun Kilic Suloglu Cagatay Karaaslan Selcan Genc Emine Dibek Misirlioglu Muge Toyran Tayfur Ginis Can N. Kocabas
doi : 10.1111/pai.13329
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 77-85
Currently, there are no reliable clinical tools available for predicting asthma in pre–school?aged children with recurrent wheezing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of serum periostin, YKL?40, and osteopontin biomarkers in wheezy pre–school?aged children for predicting the development of asthma in school ages.
Compliance, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis
Wenlong Liu Qingxiang Zeng Chunhui He Rongshan Chen Yiquan Tang Shengbao Yan Xi Luo Renzhong Luo
doi : 10.1111/pai.13332
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 86-91
Although previous studies had confirmed the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), respectively, direct head?to?head comparison of SCIT vs SLIT is sparse. We aimed to compare the efficacy, safety, and compliance of SCIT and SLIT in allergic rhinitis (AR) children.
Preschool wheezing and asthma in children: A systematic review of guidelines and quality appraisal with the AGREE II instrument
Marek Ruszczy?ski Dominika Ambro?ej Aleksander Adamiec Klaudia Ryczaj Varpu Elenius Ozlem Cavkaytar Paraskevi Maggina Heidi Makrinioti Nikolaos Papadopoulos Gunilla Hedlin Jon R. Konradsen Bianca Schaub Hermelijn H. Smits Tuomas Jartti Wojciech Feleszko EAACI Task Force on Clinical Practice Recommendations on Preschool Wheeze
doi : 10.1111/pai.13334
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 92-105
Asthma?like symptoms in preschool children, such as wheezing and dyspnea, are common time? and resource?consuming diagnostic and management challenges. Quality of wheezing and asthma recommendations varies. The purpose of this study, carried out by the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Task Force for Preschool Wheeze, was to systematically review and assess the quality of guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of preschool wheezing and/or asthma.
Genome?wide association study reveals a novel locus for asthma with severe exacerbations in diverse populations
Esther Herrera?Luis Antonio Espuela?Ortiz Fabian Lorenzo?Diaz Kevin L. Keys Angel C. Y. Mak Celeste Eng Scott Huntsman Jes?s Villar Jose R. Rodriguez?Santana Esteban G. Burchard Maria Pino?Yanes
doi : 10.1111/pai.13337
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 106-115
Severe asthma exacerbations are a major cause of asthma morbidity and increased healthcare costs. Several studies have shown racial and ethnic differences in asthma exacerbation rates. We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with severe exacerbations in two high?risk populations for asthma.
Serum vitamin D level is associated with smell dysfunction independently of aeroallergen sensitization, nasal obstruction, and the presence of allergic rhinitis in children
Youn Ho Shin Eun Kyo Ha Ju Hee Kim Dong Keon Yon Seung Won Lee Hyeon Jeong Sim Myongsoon Sung Hye Mi Jee Man Yong Han
doi : 10.1111/pai.13341
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 116-123
Smell dysfunction is highly prevalent worldwide and has adverse effects on quality of life. Smell loss in rhinitis subjects is mainly caused by mechanical obstruction of odorant transmission due to mucosal type 2 inflammation. We determined the association of 25?hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels with the severity of smell dysfunction in children.
Comparative effectiveness of probiotic strains for the treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and network meta?analysis
Carol Stephanie C. Tan?Lim Natasha Ann R. Esteban?Ipac Jacinto Blas V. Mantaring III Edwin Chan Shih Yen Marysia Stella T. Recto Olivia T. Sison Marissa M. Alejandria
doi : 10.1111/pai.13305
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 124-136
The current evidence on the use of probiotics in treating atopic dermatitis is inconclusive. This study determined the comparative effectiveness of the different types of probiotic strains in treating pediatric atopic dermatitis.
Maternal periconceptional folate status and infant atopic dermatitis: A prospective cohort study
Ying Ye Li?Min Dou Yi Zhang Ya?Lan Dou Piao?Ping Zhao Yuan Jiang Wei Gao Mi Ji Lin?Feng He Da?Yan Niu Lei Zhang Xiao?Hua Gao Yun Li Li?Ping Xiao Jun Huang Xiao?Hua Zhang Liu?Hui Wang Wei?Li Yan
doi : 10.1111/pai.13321
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 137-145
Maternal folate status is linked with the risk of allergic disorders including atopic dermatitis (AD) in children, but findings remain inconclusive. We aim to assess the relationship between maternal folate status in early gestation and early?onset infant AD, based on a prospective mother?child cohort study.
Chronic inducible urticaria subtypes in children: Clinical features and prognosis
Fatma Bal Melike Kahveci Ozge Soyer Bulent Enis Sekerel Umit Murat Sahiner
doi : 10.1111/pai.13324
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 146-152
Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a subtype of chronic urticaria induced by a physical stimulus.
Efficacy and tolerability of the updosing of second?generation non?sedating H1 antihistamines in children with chronic spontaneous urticaria
Lucrezia Sarti Simona Barni Mattia Giovannini Giulia Liccioli Elio Novembre Francesca Mori
doi : 10.1111/pai.13325
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 153-160
Chronic urticaria (CU), daily wheals or angioedema that lasts more than 6 weeks, is a common skin disease; CU is classified as spontaneous (no specific eliciting factor involved) or inducible (specific eliciting factor involved). Recent EAACI guidelines for management of CSU recommend second?generation non?sedating H1 antihistamines (sgAH1s) as initial treatment in children (weight?adjusted) as in adults, followed by increased doses (up to 4 times) if the standard dose is not effective. The efficacy and tolerability of fourfold updosing in adults are known, but there is little documentation regarding updosing in the pediatric population. This retrospective study evaluates the efficacy and tolerability of the updosing of sgAH1s in children with CSU in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.
A randomized trial of oral immunotherapy for pediatric cow's milk?induced anaphylaxis: Heated vs unheated milk
Ken?ichi Nagakura Sakura Sato Yoko Miura Makoto Nishino Kyohei Takahashi Tomoyuki Asaumi Kiyotake Ogura Motohiro Ebisawa Noriyuki Yanagida
doi : 10.1111/pai.13352
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 161-169
Severe reactions may develop during cow's milk (CM) oral immunotherapy (OIT). We investigated the safety and efficacy of low?dose OIT with heated milk (HM) or unheated milk (UM) in children with anaphylaxis.
Safe egg yolk consumption after a negative result for low?dose egg oral food challenge
Noriyuki Yanagida Sakura Sato Kyohei Takahashi Tomoyuki Asaumi Ken?ichi Nagakura Kiyotake Ogura Nobue Takamatsu Motohiro Ebisawa
doi : 10.1111/pai.13372
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 170-176
Hen's egg is one of the most common allergens causing infantile food allergy. Consuming heated egg yolk slightly contaminated with egg white (EY with scEW) improves diet quality. Most children with egg allergies can safely consume 1/25 of a heated whole egg (low?dose egg). Although low?dose egg has similar antigenicity to EY with scEW, clinical reproducibility is unknown. We aimed to examine the safety of EY with scEW consumption after a negative result of low?dose egg oral food challenge (OFC).
Behind the scene: Paracetamol hypersensitivity in children
Sevgi Sipahi Cimen Esra Yucel Deniz Ozceker Ayse Suleyman Zeynep Hizli Demirkale Ugurcan Sayili Nermin Guler Cevdet Ozdemir Zeynep Ulker Tamay
doi : 10.1111/pai.13330
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 177-185
Paracetamol, a non?steroidal anti?inflammatory drug, is commonly being used for fever and pain relief worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate children with a suspected history of paracetamol hypersensitivity.
Clinical, immunological and genetic findings in patients with UNC13D deficiency (FHL3): A systematic review
Parisa Amirifar Mohammad Reza Ranjouri Hassan Abolhassani Tannaz Moeini Shad Amir Almasi?Hashiani Gholamreza Azizi Soraya Moamer Asghar Aghamohammadi Reza Yazdani
doi : 10.1111/pai.13323
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 186-197
Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare autosomal recessive immune disorder that is caused by mutations in 6 different genes related to the formation and function of secretory lysosomes within cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, defect in these genes is associated with the accumulation of antigens due to defective cytotoxic function. FHL type 3 (FHL3) accounts for nearly 30?40% of FHL, and its underlying reason is mutation in UNC13D gene which encodes Munc13?4 protein.
Shielding against SARS?CoV?2 infection is not justified in children with severe asthma
Michael Kabesch
doi : 10.1111/pai.13327
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 198-198
A male infant with COVID?19 in the context of ARPC1B deficiency
Lina Maria Castano?Jaramillo Marco Antonio Yamazaki?Nakashimada Selma Cecilia Scheffler Mendoza Juan Carlos Bustamante?Ogando Sara Elva Espinosa?Padilla Saul O. Lugo Reyes
doi : 10.1111/pai.13322
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 199-201
Natural history and predictors of recovery in children with chronic spontaneous urticaria
Luisa Cortellazzo Wiel Ester Conversano Manuela Giangreco Laura Fagotto Maria Rita Lucia Genovese Laura Badina Giorgio Longo Egidio Barbi Irene Berti
doi : 10.1111/pai.13299
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 201-204
Prevalence of IgE mediated food allergy in children with inflammatory bowel disease
Miranda Crealey Aideen Byrne Seamus Hussey
doi : 10.1111/pai.13343
Volume32, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 205-209
