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Effect of Lower Tidal Volume Ventilation Facilitated by Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal vs Standard Care Ventilation on 90-Day Mortality in Patients With Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory FailureThe REST Randomized Clinical Trial

James J. McNamee, MB, ChB1,2; Michael A. Gillies, MD3; Nicholas A. Barrett, MB, ChB4; Gavin D. Perkins, MD5,6; William Tunnicliffe, MSc7; Duncan Young, DM8; Andrew Bentley, MD9,10; David A. Harrison, PhD11; Daniel Brodie, MD12,13; Andrew J. Boyle, MB, ChB1,2; Jonathan E. Millar, PhD14; Tamas Szakmany, PhD15,16; Jonathan Bannard-Smith, MB, ChB17,18; Redmond P. Tully, MBBS19; Ashley Agus, PhD20; Clíona McDowell, MSc20; Colette Jackson20; Daniel F. McAuley, MD1,2; for the REST Investigators

doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.13374

JAMA. 2021;326(11):1013-1023

In patients who require mechanical ventilation for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, further reduction in tidal volumes, compared with conventional low tidal volume ventilation, may improve outcomes.

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Effect of Probiotics on Incident Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Critically Ill PatientsA Randomized Clinical Trial

Jennie Johnstone, MD, PhD1; Maureen Meade, MD, MSc2; François Lauzier, MD, MSc3; John Marshall, MD1; Erick Duan, MD, MSc2; Joanna Dionne, MD, PhD2; Yaseen M. Arabi, MD4; Diane Heels-Ansdell, MSc2; Lehana Thabane, PhD2; Daphnee Lamarche2; Michael Surette, PhD2; Nicole Zytaruk, RN2; Sangeeta Mehta, MD1; Peter Dodek, MD, MHSc5; Lauralyn McIntyre, MD, MSc6; Shane English, MD, MSc6; Bram Rochwerg, MD, MSc2; Tim Karachi, MD2; William Henderson5; Gordon Wood, MD7; Daniel Ovakim, MD, MSc7; Margaret Herridge, MD, MPH1; John Granton, MD1; M. Elizabeth Wilcox1; Alberto Goffi, MD1; Henry T. Stelfox, MD, PhD8; Daniel Niven, MD, MSc8; John Muscedere, MD9; François Lamontagne, MD, MSc10; Frédérick D’Aragon, MD, MSc10; Charles St.-Arnaud, MD10; Ian Ball, MD, MSc11; Dave Nagpal, MD11; Martin Girard, MD, MSc12; Pierre Aslanian, MD12; Emmanuel Charbonney, MD, PhD12; David Williamson, PhD12; Wendy Sligl, MD, MSc13; Jan Friedrich, MD, MSc1; Neill K. Adhikari, MDCM, MSc1; François Marquis, MD, MA12; Patrick Archambault, MD, MSc3; Kosar Khwaja, MD14; Arnold Kristof, MD, PhD14; James Kutsogiannis, MD13; Ryan Zarychanski, MD, MSc15; Bojan Paunovic, MD15; Brenda Reeve, MD2; François Lellouche, MD, PhD3; Paul Hosek, MD2; Jennifer Tsang, MD2; Alexandra Binnie, MD, DPhil1; Sébastien Trop, MD, PhD12; Osama Loubani, MD16; Richard Hall, MD16; Robert Cirone, MD1; Steve Reynolds, MD5; Paul Lysecki, MD2; Eyal Golan, MD, PhD1; Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba, MD17; Robert Taylor, MD18; Deborah Cook, MD, MSc2; for the Prevention of Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial (PROSPECT) Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group

doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.13355

JAMA. 2021;326(11):1024-1033

Growing interest in microbial dysbiosis during critical illness has raised questions about the therapeutic potential of microbiome modification with probiotics. Prior randomized trials in this population suggest that probiotics reduce infection, particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), although probiotic-associated infections have also been reported.

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Association Between Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement for Bicuspid vs Tricuspid Aortic Stenosis and Mortality or Stroke Among Patients at Low Surgical Risk

Raj R. Makkar, MD1; Sung-Han Yoon, MD1; Tarun Chakravarty, MD1; Samir R. Kapadia, MD2; Amar Krishnaswamy, MD2; Pinak B. Shah, MD3; Tsuyoshi Kaneko, MD3; Eric R. Skipper, MD4; Michael Rinaldi, MD4; Vasilis Babaliaros, MD5; Sreekanth Vemulapalli, MD6; Alfredo Trento, MD1; Wen Cheng, MD1; Susheel Kodali, MD7; Michael J. Mack, MD8; Martin B. Leon, MD7; Vinod H. Thourani, MD9

doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.13346

JAMA. 2021;326(11):1034-1044

There are limited data on outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for bicuspid aortic stenosis in patients at low surgical risk.

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Antibody Response After a Third Dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Minimal Serologic Response to 2 Doses

Ilies Benotmane, MD1; Gabriela Gautier, MD1; Peggy Perrin, MD1; Jérôme Olagne, MD1; Noëlle Cognard, MD1; Samira Fafi-Kremer, PharmD, PhD2; Sophie Caillard, MD, PhD1

doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.12339

JAMA. 2021;326(11):1063-1065

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Change in Saliva RT-PCR Sensitivity Over the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Zion Congrave-Wilson, MS1; Yesun Lee, PhD1; Jaycee Jumarang, MD1; Stephanie Perez, BS1; Jeffrey M. Bender, MD2; Jennifer Dien Bard, PhD3; Pia S. Pannaraj, MD, MPH2

doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.13967

JAMA. 2021;326(11):1065-1067

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A Guideline for Reporting Mediation Analyses of Randomized Trials and Observational StudiesThe AGReMA Statement

Hopin Lee, PhD1,2; Aidan G. Cashin, PhD3,4; Sarah E. Lamb, DPhil1,5; Sally Hopewell, DPhil1; Stijn Vansteelandt, PhD6,7; Tyler J. VanderWeele, PhD8; David P. MacKinnon, PhD9; Gemma Mansell, PhD10; Gary S. Collins, PhD1,11; Robert M. Golub, MD12,13; James H. McAuley, PhD4,14; and the AGReMA group

doi : 10.1001/jama.2021.14075

JAMA. 2021;326(11):1045-1056

Mediation analyses of randomized trials and observational studies can generate evidence about the mechanisms by which interventions and exposures may influence health outcomes. Publications of mediation analyses are increasing, but the quality of their reporting is suboptimal.

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