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Inhaled Corticosteroid Use in Early Childhood: A Risk for High Body Mass Index?
Perdita Permaul 1,2 and Wanda Phipatanakul 3,4
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202105-1177ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 619–620
Can Metformin Downshift the Gears of Aging to Slow Emphysema Progression?
Irina Petrache and Karina A. Serban
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202105-1273ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 621–622
The Saga of Necroptosis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Continues
Alexandra C. Racanelli 1,2 and Augustine M. K. Choi 1,2
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202106-1378ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 622–624
Nonpharmacological Interventions in Delirium: The Law of the Handicap of a Head Start
Arjen J. C. Slooter
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202106-1475ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 624–626
Early Antibiotics in Cystic Fibrosis: Lessons from the Cystic Fibrosis Pig Model
Shiping Lu and Jay K. Kolls
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202106-1383ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 626–627
Understanding Sleep Apnea Physiology: A Potential Path to Improving Positive Airway Pressure Effectiveness
Lucas M. Donovan 1,2 and Vishesh K. Kapur 1
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202106-1474ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 628–629
The Reductionist Conundrum of an “Updated” Definition of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Carole D. Mitnick 1,2, Jennifer J. Furin 1, and Catherine Hewison 3
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202106-1516ed
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 629–631
Oxygen Toxicity in Critically Ill Adults
Chad H. Hochberg 1, Matthew W. Semler 2, and Roy G. Brower 1
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202102-0417ci
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 632–641
Associations between Inhaled Corticosteroid Use in the First 6 Years of Life and Obesity-related Traits
Asja Kunøe 1, Astrid Sevelsted 1, Bo L. Chawes 1, Jakob Stokholm 1, Anders Eliasen 1, Martin Krakauer 2,3, Klaus Bønnelykke 1*, and Hans Bisgaard 1*
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202009-3537oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 642–650
Infants and young children might be particularly likely to experience the potential clinical side effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) on body mass index (BMI), adiposity rebound (AR), and body composition, but this has rarely been studied in long-term studies in this age group.
Metformin: Experimental and Clinical Evidence for a Potential Role in Emphysema Treatment
Francesca Polverino 1*, Tianshi David Wu 2,3*, Joselyn Rojas-Quintero 4, Xiaoyun Wang 5, Jonathan Mayo 1, Michael Tomchaney 1, Judy Tram 1, Samuel Packard 1, Duo Zhang 6, Kristan H. Cleveland 7, Elizabeth Cordoba-Lanus 8, Caroline A. Owen 4, Ashraf Fawzy 9, Greg L. Kinney 10, Craig P. Hersh 11, Nadia N. Hansel 9, Kevin Doubleday 12, Maor Sauler 13, Yohannes Tesfaigzi 4, Julie G. Ledford 1, Ciro Casanova 8, Jaroslaw Zmijewski 14, John Konhilas 15, Paul R. Langlais 12, Rick Schnellmann 7, Irfan Rahman 16, Meredith McCormack 9‡, and Bartolome Celli 4‡
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202012-4510oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 651–666
Cigarette smoke (CS) inhalation triggers oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to accelerated lung aging, apoptosis, and emphysema, as well as systemic pathologies. Metformin is beneficial for protecting against aging-related diseases.
Necroptosis Signaling Promotes Inflammation, Airway Remodeling, and Emphysema in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Zhe Lu 1*, Hannelore P. Van Eeckhoutte 2*, Gang Liu 1,3, Prema M. Nair 1, Bernadette Jones 1, Caitlin M. Gillis 3,4,5, B. Christina Nalkurthi 3, Fien Verhamme 2, Tamariche Buyle-Huybrecht 2, Peter Vandenabeele 4,5, Tom Vanden Berghe 4,5,6, Guy G. Brusselle 2, Jay C. Horvat 1, James M. Murphy 7,8, Peter A. Wark 1, Ken R. Bracke 2*, Michael Fricker 1*, and Philip M. Hansbro 1,3*
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202009-3442oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 667–681
Necroptosis, mediated by RIPK3 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 3) and MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like), is a form of regulated necrosis that can drive tissue inflammation and destruction; however, its contribution to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis is poorly understood.
The Impact of Nursing Delirium Preventive Interventions in the ICU: A Multicenter Cluster-randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Paul J. T. Rood 1,2, Marieke Zegers 1,2, Dharmanand Ramnarain 3, Matty Koopmans 4, Toine Klarenbeek 5, Esther Ewalds 6, Marijke S. van der Steen 7, Annemarie W. Oldenbeuving 3, Michael A. Kuiper 4, Steven Teerenstra 8, Eddy Adang 9, Lex M. van Loon 1,10, Annelies Wassenaar 1,2, Hester Vermeulen 2,11, Peter Pickkers 1,12, Mark van den Boogaard 1,2, and the UNDERPIN-ICU Study Investigators
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202101-0082oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 682–691
Delirium is common in critically ill patients and is associated with deleterious outcomes. Nonpharmacological interventions are recommended in current delirium guidelines, but their effects have not been unequivocally established.
Early Lung Disease Exhibits Bacteria-Dependent and -Independent Abnormalities in Cystic Fibrosis Pigs
Drake C. Bouzek 1*, Mahmoud H. Abou Alaiwa 1,2*, Ryan J. Adam 1,3, Alejandro A. Pezzulo 1,2, Leah R. Reznikov 1‡, Daniel P. Cook 1, Maria I. Aguilar Pescozo 1, Patrick Ten Eyck 4, Chaorong Wu 4, Thomas J. Gross 1, Douglas B. Hornick 1, Eric A. Hoffman 3,5, David K. Meyerholz 6, and David A. Stoltz 1,2,3,7
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202102-0451oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 692–702
Although it is clear that cystic fibrosis (CF) airway disease begins at a very young age, the early and subsequent steps in disease pathogenesis and the relative contribution of infection, mucus, and inflammation are not well understood.
Physiological Traits and Adherence to Sleep Apnea Therapy in Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease
Andrey V. Zinchuk 1, Jen-hwa Chu 1,2, Jiasheng Liang 1, Yeliz Celik 3, Sara Op de Beeck 4,5, Nancy S. Redeker 6, Andrew Wellman 7, H. Klar Yaggi 1,8, Yüksel Peker 3,9,10,11*, and Scott A. Sands 7*
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202101-0055oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 703–712
Untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the most common treatment, but despite interventions addressing established adherence determinants, CPAP use remains poor.
Evidence-based Definition for Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Maroussia Roelens 1*, Giovanni Battista Migliori 2*, Liudmila Rozanova 1*, Janne Estill 1,3*, Jonathon R. Campbell 4,5*, J. Peter Cegielski 6, Simon Tiberi 7,8, Domingo Palmero 9, Greg J. Fox 10, Lorenzo Guglielmetti 11,12, Giovanni Sotgiu 13, James C. M. Brust 14, Didi Bang 15,16, Christian Lienhardt 17,18, Christoph Lange 19,20,21‡, Dick Menzies 4,5‡, Olivia Keiser 1‡, and Mario Raviglione 22‡
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202009-3527oc
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 713–722
Until 2020, extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) was defined as TB with resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid (multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB]), any fluoroquinolone (FQ), and any second-line injectable drug (SLID). In 2019, the World Health Organization issued new recommendations for treating patients with drug-resistant TB, substantially limiting the role of SLIDs in MDR-TB treatment and thus putting the definition of XDR-TB into question.
Congestive Heart Failure–associated Chronic Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage
Akihito Okazaki 1, Yoshihiro Takeda 1, Masaru Kiyama 2, Kazuyasu Okeie 2, and Kazuhiko Shibata 1
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202008-3149im
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 723–724
Luminal Findings of a Bronchogenic Cyst
Satoru Yanagisawa and Satoshi Wasamoto
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202101-0127im
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. e59–e60
Inspiratory Effort and Lung Mechanics in Spontaneously Breathing Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure due to COVID-19: A Matched Control Study
Roberto Tonelli 1,2*, Stefano Busani 1*, Luca Tabbì 1,2, Riccardo Fantini 1,2, Ivana Castaniere 1,2, Emanuela Biagioni 1, Cristina Mussini 2, Massimo Girardis 1, Enrico Clini 1,2‡§, and Alessandro Marchioni 1,2‡
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-1029le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 725–728
Rodin’s Thinker: An Alternative Position in Awake Patients with COVID-19
Anna Coppo 1*, Dario Winterton 2,3*, Annalisa Benini 1, Anna Monzani 1, Gabriele Aletti 1, Barbara Cadore 1, Stefano Isgrò 1, Jonata Pizzagalli 1, Giacomo Bellani 1,3‡, and Giuseppe Foti 1,3
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-0915le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 728–730
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide Nonsuppression Identifies Corticosteroid-Resistant Type 2 Signaling in Severe Asthma
Simon Couillard 1,2*, Rahul Shrimanker 1, Rekha Chaudhuri 3, Adel H. Mansur 4, Lorcan P. McGarvey 5, Liam G. Heaney 5, Stephen J. Fowler 6, Peter Bradding 7, Ian D. Pavord 1, and Timothy S. C. Hinks 1; in collaboration with the MRC UK Refractory Asthma Stratification Programme (RASP-UK)
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-1040le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 731–734
Selective Modulation of the Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Does Not Change Lung Microbiota in Healthy Mice
Jezreel Pantaleón García 1, Kevin J. Hinkle 2, Nicole R. Falkowski 2, Scott E. Evans 1*, and Robert P. Dickson 2,3*‡
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-0836le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 734–736
Always Say Never: Why Studies of Timing of Invasive Ventilation Should Compare “Early versus Late/Never” as Opposed to “Early versus Late”
Michael C. Sklar 1,2 and Christopher J. Yarnell 2,3*
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-0860le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 737–738
Staying Awake in Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Perspective on Immunocompromised Patients
Klaus Stahl 1*, Heiko Schenk 1, Benjamin Seeliger 1, Christian Kühn 1, Olaf Wiesner 1, Marius M. Hoeper 1, and Sascha David 2
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202105-1160le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 738–739
Reply to Sklar and Yarnell and to Stahl et al.
Guillaume Dumas *, Elie Azoulay , and Michael Darmon ; on the behalf of all the authors
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-1072le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 739
Should “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation–associated Lung Edema” Be Diagnosed More Cautiously?
Yarong He 1,2*, Peng Yao 1,2*, Yaxiong Zhou 1,2*, Ping Xu 1,2,3, Tingyuan Zhou 1,2, and Yu Cao 1,2‡
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202104-0960le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 740–741
Reply to He et al.
Aurora Magliocca 1,2, Emanuele Rezoagli 3, Giacomo Bellani 3,4*, and Giuseppe Ristagno 2,5
doi : 10.1164/rccm.202105-1187le
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. 741–743
PAP Therapy–Quick Tips for Troubleshooting to Address Problems with Use
Helena Schotland
doi : 10.1164/rccm.2046p11
Volume 204, Issue 6, pp. P11–P12
