New England Journal of Medicine

Dalane W. Kitzman, M.D., David J. Whellan, M.D., M.H.S., Pamela Duncan, P.T., Ph.D., Amy M. Pastva, P.T., Ph.D., Robert J. Mentz, M.D., Gordon R. Reeves, M.D., M.P.T., M. Benjamin Nelson, M.S., Haiying Chen, Ph.D., Bharathi Upadhya, M.D., Shelby D. Reed, Ph.D., Mark A. Espeland, Ph.D., LeighAnn Hewston, D.P.T., M.Ed., and Christopher M. O’Connor, M.D.

doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2026141

N Engl J Med 2021; 385:203-216

Older patients who are hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure have high rates of physical frailty, poor quality of life, delayed recovery, and frequent rehospitalizations. Interventions to address physical frailty in this population are not well established.

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Neuroprosthesis for Decoding Speech in a Paralyzed Person with Anarthria

David A. Moses, Ph.D., Sean L. Metzger, M.S., Jessie R. Liu, B.S., Gopala K. Anumanchipalli, Ph.D., Joseph G. Makin, Ph.D., Pengfei F. Sun, Ph.D., Josh Chartier, Ph.D., Maximilian E. Dougherty, B.A., Patricia M. Liu, M.A., Gary M. Abrams, M.D., Adelyn Tu-Chan, D.O., Karunesh Ganguly, M.D., Ph.D., and Edward F. Chang, M.D.

doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2027540

N Engl J Med 2021; 385:217-227

Technology to restore the ability to communicate in paralyzed persons who cannot speak has the potential to improve autonomy and quality of life. An approach that decodes words and sentences directly from the cerebral cortical activity of such patients may represent an advancement over existing methods for assisted communication.

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Ruxolitinib for Glucocorticoid-Refractory Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease

Robert Zeiser, M.D., Nicola Polverelli, M.D., Ph.D., Ron Ram, M.D., Shahrukh K. Hashmi, M.D., M.P.H., Ronjon Chakraverty, M.D., Ph.D., Jan Moritz Middeke, M.D., Maurizio Musso, M.D., Sebastian Giebel, M.D., Ph.D., Ant Uzay, M.D., Peter Langmuir, M.D., Norbert Hollaender, Ph.D., Maanasa Gowda, Pharm.D., Tommaso Stefanelli, M.D., Stephanie J. Lee, M.D., M.P.H., Takanori Teshima, M.D., Ph.D., and Franco Locatelli, M.D., Ph.D. for the REACH3 Investigators*

doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2033122

N Engl J Med 2021; 385:228-238

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major complication of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation, becomes glucocorticoid-refractory or glucocorticoid-dependent in approximately 50% of patients. Robust data from phase 3 randomized studies evaluating second-line therapy for chronic GVHD are lacking. In retrospective surveys, ruxolitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK1–JAK2) inhibitor, showed potential efficacy in patients with glucocorticoid-refractory or -dependent chronic GVHD.

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Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Adolescents

Robert W. Frenck, Jr., M.D., Nicola P. Klein, M.D., Ph.D., Nicholas Kitchin, M.D., Alejandra Gurtman, M.D., Judith Absalon, M.D., Stephen Lockhart, D.M., John L. Perez, M.D., Emmanuel B. Walter, M.D., Shelly Senders, M.D., Ruth Bailey, B.Sc., Kena A. Swanson, Ph.D., Hua Ma, Ph.D., Xia Xu, Ph.D., Kenneth Koury, Ph.D., Warren V. Kalina, Ph.D., David Cooper, Ph.D., Timothy Jennings, D.O., Donald M. Brandon, M.D., Stephen J. Thomas, M.D., ?zlem Türeci, M.D., Dina B. Tresnan, D.V.M., Ph.D., Susan Mather, M.D., Philip R. Dormitzer, M.D., Ph.D., U?ur ?ahin, M.D., Kathrin U. Jansen, Ph.D., and William C. Gruber, M.D. for the C4591001 Clinical Trial Group*

doi : 10.1056/NEJMoa2107456

N Engl J Med 2021; 385:239-250

Until very recently, vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had not been authorized for emergency use in persons younger than 16 years of age. Safe, effective vaccines are needed to protect this population, facilitate in-person learning and socialization, and contribute to herd immunity.

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